Massage Techniques

Effleurage

Effleurage is a smooth, gliding stroke with the hands moulded to the contours of the horse's body. It can be applied with both hands alternately or at the same time, or by using one hand only. It is a useful technique which may:

• warm the skin, subcutaneous and muscle tissue;
• increase venous and lymphatic flow, thereby speeding up removal of waste products from an area and supply of nutrients and oxygen to an area;
• cause release of endorphins to help relax the horse and decrease pain and discomfort;
• allow the masseur to assess the horse for regions of tension.

Petrissage

Petrissage is a kneading, compressive technique generally carried out using the fingers. This technique influences deeper tissues by causing a compression and then relaxation effect. Petrissage:

• warms skin, dermal layers and muscles;
• increases venous and lymphatic blood flow (see above);
• causes pressure changes in tissues, thus mimicking those of muscle activity;
• is a deeper massage technique than effleurage.

Tapotement (Percussion)

These techniques include cupping and hacking which provide direct and deflected alternate blows. Hacking uses the little finger side of the hands in a light repetitive movement with the fingers slightly bent

Cupping is carried out with the hands "cupped" and produces a hollow sound. Both of these techniques act to stimulate the muscle to contract and relax and thus enhance circulatory flow. These techniques are carried out over large muscle masses.

Dermal Lifting (Skin Rolling)

Dermal lifting is achieved by lifting the skin and dermal layers away from the muscle and other skeletal structures. This technique helps to:

• reduce adhesions between the skin and underlying tissues;
• increase circulation, thus warming the area.

This technique is achieved by picking up a fold of skin and rolling it.

Frictions

Friction is generally applied by rubbing transversely or in a small circular manner across muscle fibres, tendons or ligaments. The stroke is usually applied in the same direction. Frictions can be applied by thumbs, fingers and knuckles. The fingers should not glide across the surface of the skin but should move the skin and the underlying tissues. Frictions are generally used to reduce scar tissue and to mobilise tissue surfaces that are adhered to each other.